Last Updated: November 21, 2025
Books
| Type | Format |
|---|---|
| One author |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Publisher.
|
| Two authors |
Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of work. Publisher.
|
| Three or more |
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of work. Publisher.
|
| Edited book |
Editor, A. A. (Ed.). (Year). Title of work. Publisher.
|
| Chapter in edited book |
Author, A. A. (Year). Chapter title. In B. B. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.
|
| E-book |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of work. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx
|
Journal Articles
| Type | Format |
|---|---|
| Print journal |
Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
|
| Online journal |
Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages. https://doi.org/xxxxx
|
| No DOI |
Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal Name, Volume(Issue), pages.
|
| Advance online |
Author, A. A. (Year). Article title. Journal Name. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/xxxxx
|
Websites & Online Sources
| Type | Format |
|---|---|
| Webpage |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Page title. Site Name. URL
|
| No author |
Page title. (Year, Month Day). Site Name. URL
|
| No date |
Author, A. A. (n.d.). Page title. Site Name. URL
|
| Blog post |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Post title. Blog Name. URL
|
| Online news |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Publication Name. URL
|
Media & Multimedia
| Type | Format |
|---|---|
| YouTube video |
Username. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. YouTube. URL
|
| Podcast |
Host, A. A. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. #) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast name. Production company. URL
|
| TED Talk |
Speaker, A. A. (Year, Month). Talk title [Video]. TED. URL
|
| Film/Movie |
Director, A. A. (Director). (Year). Film title [Film]. Production company.
|
Social Media
| Type | Format |
|---|---|
| Twitter/X post |
Author [@username]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of tweet [Tweet]. Twitter. URL
|
| Facebook post |
Author. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of post [Status update]. Facebook. URL
|
Author [@username]. (Year, Month Day). First 20 words of caption [Photograph]. Instagram. URL
|
Other Common Sources
| Type | Format |
|---|---|
| Dissertation |
Author, A. A. (Year). Title of dissertation [Doctoral dissertation, Institution]. Database or Archive. URL
|
| Conference paper |
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Paper title [Conference presentation]. Conference Name, Location. URL
|
| Report |
Author, A. A. (Year). Report title (Report No. xxx). Publisher. URL
|
| Government doc |
Agency Name. (Year). Document title (Report No. xxx). URL
|
| Dataset |
Author, A. A. (Year). Dataset title (Version #) [Data set]. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx
|
In-Text Citations
| Situation | Format |
|---|---|
| One author |
(Smith, 2020)
or
Smith (2020) stated...
|
| Two authors |
(Smith & Jones, 2020)
|
| Three or more |
(Smith et al., 2020)
|
| Direct quote |
(Smith, 2020, p. 15)
|
| Multiple works |
(Smith, 2019; Jones, 2020)
|
| No author |
("Title," 2020)
|
| No date |
(Smith, n.d.)
|
💡 Pro Tips:
- Always use a hanging indent for reference list entries
- Italicize book titles and journal names, not article titles
- Include DOI when available (preferred over URL)
- For 21+ authors, list first 19, then "...", then final author
- Capitalize only first word of titles (except proper nouns)
- Use "n.d." for no date, not "n.p." or other abbreviations